Research Paper On Nursing Burnout - 1334 Words

This paper explores six published peer reviewed journals that report on results from research seeking to explore the relationship between the three nursing outcomes job dissatisfaction, intent to leave the job, and nursing burnout, as well as working long or extended shifts, and occupational stress. It also addresses various preventative measures such as eating better, stress-management and exercise which have been known to reduce stress, and ultimately burnout. Each article used different research methods and different data sets such as the Hospital Compare section of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services’ (CMS) website, and the Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems Survey (HCAHPSS), however, each†¦show more content†¦Literature Review Occupational burnout– specifically in the nursing profession, is a highly talked about topic in health science as more and more nurses are experiencing some form of this phenomenon. As the push towards quality improvement in health care has intensified, patient satisfaction scores have begun to reflect the discontentment of nurses in their field. Since nurses provide the most direct care to patients, if they become indifferent to their career, their indifference has a negative snowball effect on the care that they provide to their patients. This leads to medical error when inputting information into patient charts, and a lack of patient safety (Hall, Johnson, Watt, Tsipa, O’Connor, 2016). A study conducted by Wilkinson, Whittington, Perry, and Eames found that out of ten studies, eight provided enough empirical evidence to support a negative relationship between empathy given to patients and nursing burnout (Wilkinson et al., 2017). For their findings, researchers aske d nurses and/or medical professionals to complete the Maslach Burnout Inventory to assess burnout and empathy. This newfound lack of empathy in nurses more than likely develops due to working long or extended hours at a time. Working long shifts, and even over-time, is a common practice amongst doctors and nurses in the medical field. According to Persaud andShow MoreRelatedNursing Burnout Research Paper1355 Words   |  6 PagesNURSING BURNOUT AND PATIENT SAFETY â€Å"Burnout has been widely studied in the health service profession, and nursing is recognized as one of the occupations with the highest burnout prevalence rates† (Harkin Melby, 2014, p. 152). Nursing burnout affects many nurses in the profession in one way or another. In the nursing world, a typical shift length is now twelve hours or longer. This shift length has changed from the past in which nurses worked a normal shift of eight hours. While thereRead MoreNursing Workload And Their Association With Patient Safety And Nursing Environments993 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction This paper explores several published journals that report on results conducted from research on nursing workload and its association with patient safety and nursing environments. Cimiotti et el (2012) suggest based on an extensive review of 42 articles, evidence shows that nurse staffing in the form of nurse-patient ratios and hours of nursing care have been implicated in the spread of infection. Duffield et el (2009) suggest that nurse staffing, unstable nursing unit environments wereRead MoreThe Problem Of Burnout Is Caused By Several Factors1049 Words   |  5 Pages Describe the problem Burnout is caused by several factors such as mental, emotional, and physical exhaustion of workload that triggered by prolonged and excessive stress in the work field or around us. It happens when we feel overwhelmed, exhausted, and unable to meet every day demands. As the burden continues, we begin to lose the enthusiasm or motivation. In other-words, burnout can reduce productivity and ruin our energy, leaving us feeling increasingly helpless, cynical, discourage, and resentfulRead MoreResearch Paper Proposal1331 Words   |  6 PagesBurnout among Nurses in Intensive Care Units and Emergency Departments: An empirical study of Pakistani Government Hospitals 1. Introduction Burnout is a pattern of emotional, physical, and mental exhaustion in response to chronic job stressors. It is a disorder characterized by emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and a low level of personal accomplishments, which primarily affects people who are dealing with other people in their work (Maslach, 1982). Burnout develops due to the persistentRead MoreCritiquing Quantitative, Qualitative, Or Mixed Methods1135 Words   |  5 PagesQualitative, or Mixed Methods Studies Paper Quantitative and qualitative research studies are both significant in nursing. In this paper, I will be critiquing two articles using both approaches. Using Walden’s database system, the articles will be located and compared to one another. After this assignment, I hope to gain a better understanding if critiquing research articles. Providing care for patients diagnosed with brain tumors is the topic I selected to research. Working on a Neuro unit, IRead MoreA Research Study On Wage, Work Environment, And Staffing : Effects On Nurse Outcomes Essay1361 Words   |  6 PagesCritique McHugh, M. D., Ma, C. (2014). Wage, Work Environment, and Staffing: Effects on Nurse Outcomes. Policy, Politics Nursing Practice, 15(0), 72–80. Demetria Jones University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff Abstract Research has shown that hospitals with better nurse staffing and work environments have better nurse outcomes—less burnout, job dissatisfaction, and intention to leave the job. Many studies, however, have not accounted for wage effects, whichRead MoreThe Stress Of Nurse Patient Ratio Per Specialty903 Words   |  4 Pagessupport is needed from staff nurses and managers alike to prevent burnout. This should be completed by setting limits on hours of work, the use of humor in the workplace, allowing employees to take off work, and providing the resources for spiritual and emotional comfort and support. The Setting The focus of this paper centers on the stress and burnout in relation to patient safety amongst sub-acute nurses in my workplace. The term burnout describes workers’ reactions to the chronic stress common inRead MoreShortage Of Nurses And Health Care1420 Words   |  6 PagesThis paper will examine the shortage of nurses and the impact on the nurse’s quality of care. A stable and sufficient supply of health professionals continues to be one of Canada’s greatest health care challenges. Since 2006, there has been a drastic decline in the number of new entries to the profession (Canadian Nurses Association [CNA], 2010). Employment issues arising from the restructuring of Ontario’s health care system are undoubtedly affecting nurses of all ages. Ontario has fewer regulatedRead MoreStress For Community Home Health Nurses856 Words   |  4 PagesPurpose of the Study The purpose of the research will be to determine strategies to deal with different areas of stress for community home health nurses. Importance of the Study This study is important because it will help nurses and supervisors to identify areas that can causes potential burnout among community nurse in the workplace, which in terms can produce stress. In addition, this study is also important because it will analyze and examine different strategies that can be put in place thatRead MoreEthical Decision Making : Patient Safety Concerns993 Words   |  4 Pagesfor developing stress overload and/or burnout. If nothing is done to prevent burnout in the geriatric setting, or reverse burnout that has already occurred in many nurses, hours worked will continue to be reduced and nurses may begin to change professions or retire early. In addition to absenteeism, there is also a risk of worsening performance and caring malpractice, as well. Not only could their careers be affected, but the complexity of the symptoms of burnout can have serious consequences on the

Understanding Of Religion And Its Association Of...

Known as the â€Å"father of modern liberal theology,† Friedrich Schleiermacher was a German theologian, philosopher and biblical scholar who directed his attention on the nature of religious experience from the viewpoint of the individual and human nature itself (Marià ±a 3). Influenced by German Romanticism, Schleiermacher attempted to settle the criticisms of the Enlightenment with conventional Protestant Christianity (Crouter 261). By doing so, he abandoned the pietistic Moravian theology that had neglected to gratify his growing reservations and he embraced the sensible outlook of Christian Wolff and Johann Salomo Semler. He then became accustomed with the methods of historical criticism of the New Testament and of Johann Augustus Eberhard, from whom he attained an adoration of the philosophy of Plato and Aristotle. Consequently, he began applying thoughts from the Greek thinkers to a reform of Immanuel Kant’s system (Marià ±a 3). On this basis, this essay will a rticulate Friedrich Schleiermacher’s understanding of religion and its association to Christianity as expressed in Speech I: Defense and Speech II: The Nature of Religion of his work On Religion: Speeches to Its Cultured Despisers. The essay will explore Schleiermacher’s refutation of three notions of religion held by the despisers, clarify his recognition of the true religion with feeling and describe his understanding of the association involving religion and Christianity. REFUTATION OF VIEWS OF RELIGION HELD BYShow MoreRelatedThe Positive Influence Of Christianity883 Words   |  4 PagesWhat? The results of the Religion IAT Test indicated that I have the most positive association with Christianity, closely followed by Hinduism and Islam, and the most negative association with Judaism. Some of the results surprised me, but others I would have predicted because of my religious background. I was raised Catholic and although I have questioned certain beliefs of Catholicism, I have never had extreme negative feelings toward by religion. Therefore, I would assume that I would haveRead MoreA Complex Relationship Between Jews And Christians926 Words   |  4 Pagesexisted from the beginning of Christianity. The displacement of the Jews throughout their history has not dampened the maintenance of their exceptional identity. They keep their individuality by adherence to the way of the Torah (Lecture 2, 2014). Christianity and Judaism share a common groun d in that they are both ancient religions, much of the Jewish and Christian laws have had to be revitalized to fit the changing times. Much like the Pope of the Catholic religion, in the Jewish faith the PhariseesRead MoreNietzsche and Edwards Essay906 Words   |  4 Pagesserves as a model for the single best pundit of religion. At the flip side of this range, Jonathan Edwards develops as his archrival regarding religious talk. Nietzsche contends that Christianitys stance to all that is exotic is that grounded in danger, out to manageable all that rests on nature, or is characteristic, much the same as Nietzsches position on the planet and his perspectives. Considering this current, Edwards perspectives on Christianity ought to be seen in setting focused at the individualsRead MoreFriedrich Schleiermacher s Views On Religion And Religion Essay1517 Words   |  7 Pagesnature of religious experience from the viewpoint of the individual and human nature itself (Marià ±a 3). Highly influenced by German Romanticism, Schleiermacher attempted to settle the criticisms of the Enlightenment with conventional Protestant Christianity (Crouter 261). By doing so, he abandoned the Moravian theology that had neglected to gratify his growing reservations and he embraced the sensible outlook of Christian Wolff and Johann Salomo Semler. He then became accustomed to the methods ofRead MoreChristianity Vs. Judaism : Religion Is The Opium Of The General Population Essay1434 Words   |  6 Pages Christianity vs. Judaism At the point when Karl Marx composed, Religion is the opium of the general population, doubtlessly he put forth this expression subsequent to understanding that individuals look to a higher Being from whom they can get request, comfort, and a purpose behind living, and in addition clarifications. The idea of the great beyond bears a despondent individual motivation to continue onward, Marx more likely than not suspected; this objective turned into an opium for them isRead MoreImpressions of the Meaning and Significance of African Religion745 Words   |  3 PagesIn his book African Religions and Philosophy professor John Mbiti continually explains that all African cultures and societies, regardless of differences in national origin, language, or ethnicity are deeply religious. African traditional religion is so much a part of the African traditional heritage that it is found in every aspect of life. Traditional religion for the Africans is the normal way of looking at the world an d experiencing life itself. Therefore, as Mbiti interprets, A study ofRead MoreReligion Has Been Around Since The Early Civilizations1731 Words   |  7 PagesReligion has been around since the early civilizations and as time went on, more religions progressed, and people have followed different religions. Throughout time there has been many great religious leaders, particularly Jesus, Moses, and Muhammad. Of these three pronounced leaders, all will be in attendance for a dinner party in which questions and thoughts about religion will be discussed openly. Religion is defined as a â€Å"cause, principle, or system of beliefs held to with ardor and faith† (Merriam-Webster)Read MoreAn Analysis Of Frederick Douglass s The Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Essay1284 Words   |  6 PagesSolomoneAfro 3597 WEssay ATuesday October 18, 2016The Contradicting Nature of Christianity and the Institution of Slavery A Thematic Analysis of Frederick Douglass s NarrativeChristianity qu ite often, especially when associated to the system of slavery becomes even more of a contentious issue than it already is. In The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, Frederick Douglass presents the theme of perversion of Christianity by slaveholders as a way to bring out the contradiction that lie deep withinRead MoreThe Plight Of Modernity And The Social Conditions Associated With Modern Forms Of Capitalism1421 Words   |  6 Pagesdeep interest in the works of Marx and Weber. For these theorists, religious institutions serve important roles in understandings of how societal changes emerge. However, their understandings of how religion relates to social change are vastly different. This is the result of fundamentally different assumptions underlying their particular theories. Within Marx’ understanding of religion, ideologies of religious institutions, along with all other social institutions, are based on the economic relationsRead MoreNotes On Christianity And Culture909 Words   |  4 PagesVidhi Gandhi Christianity and Culture in Dialogue Prof. Miller Paper Assignment 1 Faith and Philosophy as Explored by Justin Martyr and Tertullian Christianity and reason have historically been difficult matters to reconcile. They often conflict with each other, leading to some sort of existential angst. In the early Church, the role of philosophy and its use to understand Christianity was challenged by Justin Martyr and Tertullian. Both Justin and Tertullian confront the issue of faith and reason

A Formal Application Essay Example For Students

A Formal Application Essay The Ambiguity of DeathSince the creation of man, certain primal urges have been imprinted into the human beings psyche. Out of many of those the instinct of death is included, probably stemming from the necessity of killing to obtain ones food. The instinct of death remains today and has been changed, adapted, suppressed and exemplified. In A Formal Application the ironic theory of applying death as a way of life is portrayed through a mans act of killing a bird. The poem flows through the practice, planning and execution of a common bird. The climax of the poem comes when he refers to his act of violence as an Audubon Crucifix. Through various examples in history he validates this unnecessary crucifix. A Formal Application rejoins the human race by immortalizing the importance of death. The structure of the poem is separated into three sections containing three stanzas each. There is no apparent rhyme scheme making it a free verse and prose piece. The setting is outside, most likely close to the speakers house, and surrounded by forest and wildlife. It takes place in the mid 1900s and probably in the spring-time. This piece is compiled of nine triplets separated into three sections. The first section of three triplets starts with the speaker honing his knife throwing skills. In the first section the speaker starts his training. By this practice he automatically tells us that he wants for this action to happen perfectly.By perfecting his skills he confirms to us the importance of this act to him. In the first stanza he begins to learn how to inflict pain with his knife by throwing it. He molds a kitchen utensil into a fatal weapon by enhancing his throwing skills. The second stanza shows his progression from merely throwing the knife, to hitting a target. The last stanza involves him targeting a moving object. This indicates he will be inflicting harm on a living thing with his weapon of choice With his means of weaponry defined we learn he still needs not only a moving target but a living one. The next section of triplets signifies his planning and enticing of his prey. In the first stanza he starts to weave his lesson of deception by teaching the birds. By tricking the birds into thinking he is a source of food, he gains the necessary element of surpris e he needs for his later crucifixion. The second and the third stanza the speaker concentrates on gaining the trust and confidence of the birds by luring them with bread crumbs. With his preys confidence gained he is ready to strike. The authors insight is speckled throughout the last three stanzas. Initially, he states I shall coordinate conditioned reflex. This is the first indication of his reasoning behind this blatant disregard of living things. By developing his learned trait of killing he now feels he has qualified as the Modern Man. The second stanza offers a grotesque description of the murder. Then the speaker confirms his infatuation with gaining superiority through death by naming this killing the Audubon Crucifix. This name contains the word crucifix because, according to the popular belief, the only death that brought life to this earth was when Jesus Christ was crucified. Religious connotations are involved in the name because by justifying and validating his violent act he can feel like a Modern Man. In the third stanza he goes even further in an attempt to relate his somewhat small scale kill to the few major slaughters of our history. First, with the word pious he again relates to religion by re ferring to his title as holy. Then he adds three examples of dramatic violence. The first of which is Arbeit Macht Frei, an ironic motto for the holocaust meaning work brings freedom. In the concentration camps prisoners were worked so brutaly, almost all of them died, therefore death becomes freedom. This idea supports the speakers application of life by saying death is the only freedom and by killing you are given the power to grant that freedom. The last two examples are the Enola Gay and the Molotov Cocktail. The Enloa Gay is the plane that dropped the atom bomb on Japan. This again relates one of the greatest massacres in the history of the world to his mere rebellious violence. .u18814206c58317b754be5d272ca27da6 , .u18814206c58317b754be5d272ca27da6 .postImageUrl , .u18814206c58317b754be5d272ca27da6 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u18814206c58317b754be5d272ca27da6 , .u18814206c58317b754be5d272ca27da6:hover , .u18814206c58317b754be5d272ca27da6:visited , .u18814206c58317b754be5d272ca27da6:active { border:0!important; } .u18814206c58317b754be5d272ca27da6 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u18814206c58317b754be5d272ca27da6 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u18814206c58317b754be5d272ca27da6:active , .u18814206c58317b754be5d272ca27da6:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u18814206c58317b754be5d272ca27da6 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u18814206c58317b754be5d272ca27da6 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u18814206c58317b754be5d272ca27da6 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u18814206c58317b754be5d272ca27da6 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u18814206c58317b754be5d272ca27da6:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u18814206c58317b754be5d272ca27da6 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u18814206c58317b754be5d272ca27da6 .u18814206c58317b754be5d272ca27da6-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u18814206c58317b754be5d272ca27da6:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Technology and special education EssayThrough the speakers violent actions he feels superior to others despite his justifications being much more significant then his own act. He creates a paradox by validating his Audubon Crucifix with some of the greatest killings in the world. The speaker most likely wants to experience more of this power which supports mans primal urge for superiority. Some of the human race, including the speaker, can feel superiority through the desecration of others. When these people kill, they feel the ultimate power. The common paradox throughout the poem is life comes from death and death is necessary to life.Death is just another formal applica tion of life.

Research Paper on Taste Essay Example

Research Paper on Taste Essay Taste Research Paper Taste Research Paper Introduction The word â€Å"taste† has many meanings. The first definition of this word deals with the person’s physical ability to feel something with the help of receptors. The second meaning is an aesthetic notion that means the person’s ability to blend different things with each other, to feel what suits here and what does not. People with good taste always feel harmony with the surrounded world and are satisfied with what they do. People with bad taste usually feel discomfort and displeasure. Taste is often used in the same meaning as preference. At the same time taste is a sociological concept. In this case we state that taste is not only a personal liking but also an attitude, which is formed under the social pressure. In this case taste can be regarded as good or bad. The theory of social taste was developed in the end of the twentieth century and is based on the concept of aesthetic relativism. The notion of taste, which existed before this transformation was associated with good manners and good habits. These manners were considered to be inborn qualities. History of the Taste Term We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Taste specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Taste specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Taste specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The word taste in the understanding close to modern one firstly appeared in the 16the century. It was firstly used in the vocabulary of Italian Style called Mannerism, which appeared in Italy in the 16th century. The name of the style explains its main peculiarities. Mannerism used the term â€Å"taste† to explain the manner in which the work of art had been created. â€Å"More specifically, the idea of â€Å"taste† as a quality that is independent of the style that is simply its vehicle — though the style might be designated a taste, such as â€Å"the Antique taste†Ã¢â‚¬â€ was born in the circle of Pope Julius III and first realized at the Villa Giulia built on the edge of Rome in 1551 – 1555.† (Stern, 115) So, the term reflected rather the way of production than the quality of the work of art. The distinction between good and bad taste did not exist at the time. During the period of Enlightenment the term ‘taste† still had a un iversal character and expressed something, plausible for the society. The change in meaning occurred during the period of Romanticism. It is during this period, when the term â€Å"taste† began to mean something beautiful for the audience. That is the period when taste became to be interpreted individually and its meaning became a synonym of the aesthetic value. This is the type of meaning of this term most of the contemporary people use nowadays. During several centuries the meaning of the word changed from physical characteristic of the piece of art into synonym of aesthetic value. From physical characteristic the word became intellectual quality and got emotional coloring. â€Å"It begins to be used in a metaphorical sense to refer to certain degrees of competence in relation to understanding of cultural practices. Taste is also closely related to the concept of discrimination, as being based on certain material experiences it can set distinctions between tasteful and tas teless or having a good taste or a bad taste, thus providing categories for social division and producing cultural hierarchy.† (Stern) Taste as Social Phenomenon The concept of good and bad taste is usually used by critics, while ordinary people tend to express their own opinions and appeal to such a term as â€Å"like-dislike† of this or that thing. Very often the opinion of the professionals is based on personal preferences; in this case personal liking label things of ones of bad or good taste. According to the theory of social origin of taste opinion of professionals quickly influences opinion of other people and an object gets its verdict as a one of good or bad taste. Unfortunately, modern theory of judgement does not assume other variant except for two polarities of good and bad taste. The idea about social pressure on the individual taste was firstly expressed by the French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu. He states that society shapes individual taste according to social position and other social aspects of an individual. In this case the society, not individuals, becomes the carrier of cultural norms and that justifies things as good or bad. People try to fit higher cultural norms, proposed by the society, and change their identities accordingly. This has a double meaning, as people, who change their identities according to social requirements, become the consumers of cultural products and, at the same time, they produce pieces of art, which correspond to these norms and this makes other people want to achieve their â€Å"higher† cultural and intellectual level. â€Å" In this sense the notion of taste is closely linked to consumption and consumerism: the viewer or reader consumes various artistic products and then interprets them by the means of criticism t hat rests upon the idea of taste† (Stern). The definitions of good and bad taste also derive from the theory of social origin of the taste proposed by Bourdieu. Under bad taste we generally understand things not perceived or even rejected by the society. These are things, which do not correspond social standards of the certain time. This can be traced on simple example: in different societies different things will be considered as the things of a bad taste. The same situation is with the notion of good taste. It reflects things, which correspond to social norms and standards and meet the requirements of the contemporary society. Taste and Design The two notions – design and taste are very closely connected. It’s impossible to imagine a good fashionable designer with bad taste. Every designer has his own style and so his own unique taste. Aesthetic quality can be the characteristic of both – people and objects, while taste is the personal characteristic of a person. Nowadays good taste is the necessary attribute of a good designer who wants his products to be popular among consumers: â€Å"The idea of taste cannot now be separated from the idea of the consumer,† suggests Raymond Williams (Wiliams, 1976, 266). Today’s understanding of taste differs from the classical one. According to the classical conception taste is an ability to analyze things critically from the aesthetic point of view. Today taste is more a subjective notion, it’s an inner state of the person and it’s not necessary to follow any classical canons. Inner harmony is the main criteria for the designers. Not only designers but also consumers can show their taste in the act of consumption. â€Å"The act of consumption is also an act of exercising taste, and the sheer magnitude of this process makes it impossible to have a singular standard for taste† (Postrel, 2003). One of the main design’s tasks is c the improving of the taste. In the past museums fulfilled this function in most cases. The museums had the mission to educate people by showing them specific designers. â€Å"Taste classifies, and it classifies the classifier. Social subjects, classified by their classifications, distinguis h themselves by the distinctions they make, between the beautiful and the ugly, the distinguished and the vulgar, in which their position in the objective classifications is expressed or betrayed.† (Bourdieu 1984). In modern world of different possibilities and different views, however taste plays a very important role. There are a lot of different facts that form good or bad taste. Among specialists who work in this sphere there are different opinions on this question. The most spread opinion is that all in all taste depends of the individual features of the person, it’s more a natural ability to blend things together. There are some rules following which it’s possible to form a good taste. First of all it’s necessary to have a lively and bright imagination. It gives a person a possibility to conceive the images and ideas that the writer or the designer has described and so to feel the author’s purpose. â€Å" Sometimes, when one’s imagination is lively, and regulated too by an acquaintance with nature, one may, notwithstanding, contract habits of indolence and irregularity in one’s studies; which produce a superficial medley of knowledge very detrimental to the native vigour of the mind† (Beatie, 69). The second important thing is distinct apprehension. A person must know exactly what he likes and what he hates. The third thing is acute senses, a person must be affected by harmony and beauty, must feel them. The next thing deals with sensibility or sympathy. With this feature we are conscious of emotions that arise within us. The last thing that is necessa ry to form a good taste is judgement. By judgement here is meant â€Å"a constitution of mind, as disposes a man to attend to the reality of things, and qualifies him for knowing and discovering the truth. It is by means of this faculty, as applied in criticism, that we compare poetical imitations with natural objects, so as to perceive in what they resemble, and in what they differ; that we estimate the rectitude of sentiments, the probability of incidents† (Beattie, 71). According to Beattie good taste is not a good taste in clothes or food, its inner state of the individuality, the form of self-expression. The person is born with good or bad taste, but it doesn’t mean that situation will not change. For the person with good taste it’s easy to transform it into a bad state under the influence of surrounding. Sometimes we can see designers who don’t try to follow their inner impulse and inner voice, instead they follow fashion and try to follow famous de signers, in most cases they won’t be successful. As it was already mentioned taste is closely connected with a consumer, and a consumer in his turn is closely connected with consumer culture. According to Slater consumer culture is â€Å"a subject which – far from being of narrow or recent interest – is intimately tied to the central issues of modern times and modern social thought.† (Slater, 1997). Slater thoroughly investigates numerous concepts and theories of consumption. The role of consumption a lot of years ago differed from the role it plays nowadays very much. With the changing of the process of consumption the meaning of the taste has also changed. Being of no importance in customer service, now it’s one of its main components. The consumer culture is a new phenomenon. Nowadays consumer culture has become the a symbol of the modern era, which distinguishes it from the old one. The notion of consumer culture is connected with three related phenomena according to Slater: consumer good, hierarchical distinction between notions of lower and high forms of consumption and new market. Consumer goods have become the necessary component of the daily life. Hierarchical distinction between notions of lower and higher forms of consumption is determined by good taste and fashion. New markets bring infrastructural and organizational facilities in order. People with good taste buy production of higher quality. There are no such strict aesthetic canons as there used to be just in the Age of Enlightenment or during some period afterwards. Nowadays there are no definite criteria of good taste. A person likes this suit, for example, in this suit the person feels harmony with the world and that’s it. Of course, the same rules can be applied for design, but however in designer there are some common laws, following which you’ll be regarded as a person of good taste. Signs of Good Taste in Design Good design is suggestive, it means that it’s just necessary to give customers a few basic elements and then they can combine them as they wish. â€Å"Good design is suggestive, it means that it’s just necessary to give customers a few basic elements and then they can combine them as they wish† (Postrel, 2003). Good designer is a bit funny, because humor is connected wit strength. Good taste doesn’t mean to be a clown, it means to dilute serious things with some funny elements. Design with good taste is â€Å"hard†. â€Å"When Bauhaus designers adopted Sullivan’s â€Å"form follows function,† what they meant was, form should follow function. And if function is hard enough, form is forced to follow it, because there is no effort to spare for error† (Postrel, 2003). Things produced by good design usually look like he has spent quite much time working on them. This can be false or true in reality, but an impression of hard work is really important. â€Å"When Bauhaus designers adopted Sullivan’s â€Å"form follows function,† what they meant was, form should follow function. And if function is hard enough, form is forced to follow it, because there is no effort to spare for error. Wild animals are beautiful because they have hard lives.† (Slater, 89) Another thing is that good design looks easy. Ease is the attribute of practice and professionalism. Ease comes with practice. Practice gives an opportunity to do things unconsciously and to concentrate on the things themselves. Good design resembles nature and uses symmetry. Symmetry is the best way to achieve simplicity and simplicity is the characteristic of good taste. Good design is usually a redesign because it’s very difficult to get the perfect thing from the first time. At the same time good design should be natural. The nature is perfect and following it designer can recreate wonderful forms, which already exist. It is not a process of copying. The main purpose of every designer is to create that unique combination of his own ideas and things, which already exist in nature. When the balance is kept right, the customers will immediately appreciate natural and original creation. â€Å"Working from life is a valuable tool in painting too, though its role has often been misunderstood. The aim is not simply to make a record. The point of painting from life is that it gives your mind something to chew on: when your eyes are looking at something, your hand will do more interesting work.† (Slater, 97) Working from life can be applied not only in painting. It’s also good for engineering, and any other branch connected with technology. The statement that good design never repeats anything is a myth. In reality good design can copy good solutions and successful ideas. The desire to be original by any means can be bad for quality. The designer always looks for the right answer, for him it’s more important to be right than to be original, that is why he is not afraid to reproduce some ideas, already discovered by others. Taste Research Paper Conclusion Taste is often associated with personal appreciation of beauty. There are different theories of the origin of taste. In modern world good taste is associated with good design. Good design can look strange and can cause controversial opinions. â€Å"The only style worth having is the one you can’t help. And this is especially true for strangeness. There is no shortcut to it.† (Slater, 101) Originality very often implies daring. Designer should be ready to make a bold attempt and then to wait for the results. He should not be afraid to make a mistake because things, which are regarded as mistakes, can be new discoveries in the future. References James Beattie, â€Å"Of Imagination,† Chap. IV. 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