History of Coffee Essay Example for Free

History of Coffee Essay The global spread of coffee growing and drinking began in the Horn of Africa, where, according to legend, coffee trees originated in the Ethiopian province of Kaffa. It is recorded that the fruit of the plant, known as coffee cherries, was eaten by slaves taken from present day Sudan into Yemen and Arabia through the great port of its day, Mocha. Coffee was certainly being cultivated in Yemen by the 15th century and probably much earlier. In an attempt to prevent its cultivation elsewhere, the Arabs imposed a ban on the export of fertile coffee beans, a restriction that was eventually circumvented in 1616 by the Dutch, who brought live coffee plants back to the Netherlands to be grown in greenhouses. Initially, the authorities in Yemen actively encouraged coffee drinking. The first coffeehouses or kaveh kanes opened in Mecca and quickly spread throughout the Arab world, thriving as places where chess was played, gossip was exchanged and singing, dancing and music were enjoyed. Nothing quite like this had existed before: a place where social and business life could be conducted in comfortable surroundings and where for the price of a cup of coffee anyone could venture. Perhaps predictably, the Arabian coffeehouse soon became a centre of political activity and was suppressed. Over the next few decades coffee and coffeehouses were banned numerous times but kept reappearing until eventually an acceptable way out was found when a tax was introduced on both. By the late 1600’s the Dutch were growing coffee at Malabar in India and in 1699 took some plants to Batavia in Java, in what is now Indonesia. Within a few years the Dutch colonies had become the main suppliers of coffee to Europe, where coffee had first been brought by Venetian traders in 1615. This was a period when the two other globally significant hot beverages also appeared in Europe. Hot chocolate was the first, brought by the Spanish from the Americas to Spain in 1528; and tea, which was first sold in Europe in 1610. At first coffee was mainly sold by lemonade vendors and was believed to have medicinal qualities. The first European coffeehouse opened in Venice in 1683, with the most famous, Caffe Florian in Piazza San Marco, opening in 1720. It is still open for business today. The largest insurance market in the world, Lloyds of London, began life as a coffeehouse. It was started in 1688 by Edward Lloyd, who prepared lists of the ships that his customers had insured. The first literary reference to coffee being drunk in North America is from 1668 and, soon after, coffee houses were established in New York, Philadelphia, Boston and other towns. The Boston Tea Party Of 1773 was planned in a coffee house, the Green Dragon. Both the New York Stock Exchange and the Bank of New York started in coffeehouses in what is today known as Wall Street. In 1720 a French naval officer named Gabriel Mathieu de Clieu, while on leave in Paris from his post in Martinique, acquired a coffee tree with the intention of taking it with him on the return voyage. With the plant secured in a glass case on deck to keep it warm and prevent damage from salt water, the journey proved eventful. As recorded in de Clieus own journal, the ship was threatened by Tunisian pirates. There was a violent storm, during which the plant had to be tied down. A jealous fellow officer tried to sabotage the plant, resulting in a branch being torn off. When the ship was becalmed and drinking water rationed, De Clieu ensured the plant’s survival by giving it most of his precious water. Finally, the ship arrived in Martinique and the coffee tree was re-planted at Preebear. It grew, and multiplied, and by 1726 the first harvest was ready. It is recorded that, by 1777, there were between 18 and 19 million coffee trees on Martinique, and the model for a new cash crop that could be grown in the New World was in place. But it was the Dutch who first started the spread of the coffee plant in Central and South America, where today it reigns supreme as the main continental cash crop. Coffee first arrived in the Dutch colony of Surinam in 1718, to be followed by plantations in French Guyana and the first of many in Brazil in the state of Para. In 1730 the British introduced coffee to Jamaica, where today the most famous and expensive coffee in the world is grown in the Blue Mountains. The 17th and 18th centuries saw the establishment across Brazil of vast sugar plantations or fazendas, owned by the country’s elite. As sugar prices weakened in the 1820’s, capital and labour migrated to the southeast in response to the expansion of coffee growing in the Paraiba Valley, where it had been introduced in 1774. By the beginning of the 1830’s Brazil was the world’s largest producer with some 600,000 bags a year, followed by Cuba, Java and Haiti, each with annual production of 350 to 450,000 bags. World production amounted to some 2. 5 million bags per year. The rapid expansion of production in Brazil and Java, among others, caused a significant decline in world prices. These bottomed out in the late 1840’s, from which point a strong upward movement occurred, reaching its peak in the 1890’s. During this latter period, due mainly to a lack of inland transport and manpower, Brazilian expansion slowed considerably. Meanwhile, the upward movement of prices encouraged the growth of coffee cultivation in other producing regions in the Americas such as Guatemala, Mexico, El Salvador and Colombia. In Colombia, where coffee had been introduced by the Jesuits as early as 1723, civil strife and the inaccessibility of the best coffee-growing regions had hampered the growth of a coffee industry. Following the â€Å"Thousand Days War† of 1899 to 1903, the new peace saw Colombians turn to coffee as their salvation. While larger plantations, or haciendas, dominated the upper Magdalena river regions of Cundinamarca and Tolima, determined peasants staked new claims in the mountainous regions to the west, in Antioquia and Caldas. New railways, relying on coffee for profit, allowed more coffee to be grown and transported. The opening of the Panama Canal in 1914 permitted exports from Colombia’s previously unreachable Pacific coast, with the port of Buenaventura assuming increasing importance. In 1905 Colombia exported five hundred thousand bags of coffee; by 1915 exports had doubled. While Brazil desperately tried to control its overproduction, Colombian coffee became increasingly popular with American and European consumers. In 1914 Brazil supplied three-quarters of U. S. imports with 5. 6 million bags, but by 1919 that figure had fallen to 4. 3 million, while Colombia’s share had risen from 687,000 to 915,000 bags. During the same period Central American exports to the U. S. had risen from 302,000 to 1. 2 million bags. In spite of political turmoil, social upheaval and economic vicissitude, the 20th century saw an essentially continuous rise in demand for coffee. U. S. consumption continued to grow reaching a peak in 1946, when annual per capita consumption was 19. 8 pounds, twice the figure in 1900. Especially during periods of high global prices, this steadily increasing demand lead to an expansion in production throughout the coffee-growing regions of the world. With the process of decolonisation that began in the years following the Second World War, many newly independent nations in Africa, notably Uganda, Kenya, Rwanda and Burundi, found themselves in varying degrees dependent on coffee export revenue. For US coffee drinkers, the country’s wettest city, Seattle, has become synonymous with a new type of cafe culture, which, from its birth in the 1970s, swept the continent, dramatically improving the general quality of the beverage. This new found evangelism for coffee has spread to the rest of the world, even to countries with great coffee traditions of their own, such as Italy, Germany, and Scandinavia, adding new converts to the pleasures of good coffee. Today it is possible to find good coffee in every major city of the world, from London to Sydney to Tokyo; we are drinking more and, more importantly, better coffee. The importance of coffee to the world economy cannot be overstated. It is one of the most valuable primary products in world trade, in many years second in value only to oil as a source of foreign exchange to producing countries. Its cultivation, processing, trading, transportation and marketing provide employment for hundreds of millions of people worldwide. Coffee is crucial to the economies and politics of many developing countries; for many of the worlds Least Developed Countries, exports of coffee account for more than 50 percent of their foreign exchange earnings. Coffee is a traded commodity on major futures and commodity exchanges, most importantly in London and New York. ARCHITECTURAL SOLUTION I. FACILITIES According to the experts and professionals, the facilities must be divided into series of modules which can be combined as required to suit a particular location. The following modules are included: A. Administrative Service †¢ Lobby 15 m? †¢ Information and Reception area 10 m? †¢ Toilet 1. 67 m? B. Employee Facilities †¢ Cafeteria and Kitchen 30 m? †¢ Recreation Area (Indoor and Outdoor) 50 m? †¢ Factory Men’s and Women’s Lockers and Toilets 35 m? †¢ Office Men’s and women’s Lockers and Toilets 35 m? †¢ Meeting area 45 m? †¢ Nurse’s station and First Aid 25 m? C. Warehouse 200 m? D. Wet Processing Area (Produces Washed Coffee) †¢ Cherry reception/Sorting Area 15 m? /machine †¢ Floatation Area 30 m? †¢ Pregrader/Pulper Area 15 m? /machine †¢ Pregrading Area 25 m? †¢ Fermentation Area 35 m? †¢ Washing Area 25 m? †¢ Grading Area 15 m? /machine †¢ Skin Drying Area 15 m? /machine †¢ Sun and or Mechanical drying area 20 m? /machine †¢ Storage 35 m? †¢ Toilet( Men and Women) 6 m? E. Dry Processing Area( Produces Original Coffee). Cherry reception/Sorting area 15 m? /machine †¢ Floatation area 25 m? †¢ Skin drying and raking area 20 m?/machine †¢ Storage/conditioning area 35 m? †¢ Toilet(Men and Women) 6 m? F. Coffee Milling Area 25 m? /machine G. Packaging Area 20 m? /machine H. Cocoa Processing (to produce cocoa butter, cocoa powder) †¢ Cocoa Bean Reception Area 30 m? †¢ Cleansing and Shelling Area 45 m? †¢ Winnowing And Roasting Area 30 m? †¢ Grinding and Refining Area 15 m? /machine †¢ Alcalizing Area 20 m? †¢ Pressing Area 20 m? /machine †¢ Milling Area25 m? /machine †¢ Bagging Area 25 m? /machine †¢ Storage 35 m? I. Delivery Loading/Unloading Area 80 m? J. Parking Area 100 m? K. Villas for tourist 3600 m? †¢ Villa lot size 120 m? L. Villas for Workers 3000 m? †¢ Villa lot size 90 m? M. Museum 150 m? N. Coffee Spa 200 m? O. Restaurant 200 m? P. Horse Back riding 500 m? Q. Sports and Recreational Facilities 1500 m? Machinery and Equipments (Wet Process and Dry Process) †¢ Vertical Dick Type Coffee Pulper VCP 700 †¢ Vertical Disk Type Coffee Pulper VCP – 5000 †¢ Vertical Dick Type Coffee Pulper VCP – 200 †¢ Bucket Elevators 1 †¢ Bucket Elevators 2 †¢ Coffee Hullers †¢ Coffee Graders †¢ Gravity Separators †¢ Catador †¢ 50 kg/hour Coffee Roaster †¢ 150 kg/hour Coffee Roaster †¢ 70 kg/hour Coffee Roaster †¢ Coffee Grinder †¢ Coffee Mixer Machine Harverster †¢ Korvan Harvester †¢ Brastoft Harvester. Details and Images of Machineries and Equipments attached in Appendix I BREWING TIPS FOR THAT PERFECT CUP †¢ Buy freshly roasted coffee in whole beans. Coffee is best consumed within 60 days from when it was roasted. †¢ Store in an air tight container away from light. †¢ Grind your coffee as you need it. Make sure that you use the right grind for your brewing system. †¢ Use cold filtered water that is pleasant tasting. †¢ Use one standard coffee measure or two tablespoons per 6 oz cup of coffee †¢ To keep your brewed coffee longer transfers it to a thermos. Space Programming (Coffee Processing) Space Programming (Employee Facilities). Site Selection I. Criteria for Site Selection |Location |It should be located in an agricultural zone with soil that are deep, well-drained | | |and rich in organic matter | |Size |30 to 50 hectares | |Accessibility |Easy access to Metro Manila, to major to minor road | |Transportation |Must be reachable through commuters and private vehicles | |Climate/Environment |Climate which has sharply defined wet and dry season, the mean temperature is 20o to| | |38o Celsius | |Topography |Relatively flat | |Utilities |Accessible to water main, proper sewage system, electrical service and communication | | |networks |. Site Selection |Criteria |Site A |Site B |Site C | | |(Sumulong,Batangas) |(Lipa City, Batangas) |(Lipa City, Batangas) | |Location It should be located in |It is located in an agricultural |It is located in agricultural zone|It is located in agricultural | |an agricultural zone with soil that|zone of brgy. Simulong Batangas |of Brgy. Pinagkawitan, City of |zone of Brgy. Pussil. City of | |are deep, well-drained and rich in |City |Lipa |Lipa | |organic matter | | | | |Size – 30 to 50 hectares. |20 hectares |55 hectares |24 hectares | |Utilities Accessible to water | National Power Corporation, |National Power Corporation, |National Power Corporation, | |main, proper sewage system, |Batangas Water District |Batangas Water District, PLDT, |Batangas Water District, PLDT, | |electrical service and | |Digitel Telecommunication Phils. |Digitel Telecommunication | |communication networks | |And Globe Telecom |Phils. And Globe Telecom | |Accessibility Easy access to |Easy access to Metro Manila, to |Easy access to Metro Manila |Easy access to Metro Manila | |Metro Manila, to major and minor |major and minor road |To major to minor road |to major to minor road | |road | | | | |Transportation Must be reachable|Public utility vehicles |Public utility vehicles |Public utility vehicles | |through commuters and private |Private vehicles |Private vehicles |Private vehicles | |vehicles | | | | |Topography – Relatively flat |Relatively flat | Relatively flat | Relatively flat |. |Climate Climate which has sharply|Temperature of 26 ° / 38 °c, wet |Temperature of 25 ° / 36 °C wet |Temperature of 25 ° / 38 °C wet | |defined wet and dry season, the |and dry season |and dry season |and dry season | |mean temperature is 20o to 38o | | | | |Celsius | | | | Based from the site selection, Site B is the best site among the other site choices. Site B is strategically located in well – agricultural zone and meets the entire requirement needed in the proposal in term of conditions of land and distance from the Brgys. Apparently Site B heading the most perfect site for the proposal since, it is near from the commercial areas and its in agricultural zone III. Profile of Site A. Locations Situated in near Brgy. Pinagkawitan, Lipa City, Batangas, Boundaries: South Luzon Expressway, Padre Torres Provincial Road B. Size – As recommended the size of the site 30 to 50 Hectares is near and most rated in the site category and most preferred site standard to the proposal. C. Accessibility – the site accessibility is no problem at all since; the site is adjacent to the expressway and major road in Batangas D. Utilities – Telephone, Fax, Radio, Electricity from National Power Corporation, water supply from Batangas Water District E. Transportation – Public Utility vehicles and rivate vehicles F. Topography – flat terrain Map and details of the site are attached in Appendix II DESIGN CONCEPT Modern architecture is a term given to a number of building styles with similar characteristics, primarily the simplification of form and the elimination of ornament. The style was conceived early in the 20th century. Modern Architecture was adopted by many influential architects and architectural educators, however very few Modern buildings were built in the first half of the century. It gained popularity after the Second World War and became the dominant architectural style for institutional and corporate buildings for three decades. CHARACTERISTICS Modern architecture is usually characterized by: †¢ a rejection of historical styles as a source of architectural form (historicism) †¢ an adoption of the principle that the materials and functional requirements determine the result. †¢ an adoption of the machine aesthetic †¢ a rejection of ornament †¢ a simplification of form and elimination of unnecessary detail †¢ an adoption of expressed structure †¢ Form follows function DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS ZONING: Zoning determines the size and use of buildings, where they are located and, in large measure, the densities of the city’s diverse neighborhoods. Along with the city’s power to budget, tax, and condemn property, zoning is a key tool for carrying out planning policy. ACCESSIBILITY: Accessibility is a general term used to describe the degree to which a product (e. g. , device, service, and environment) is accessible by as many people as possible. DISABILITIES: The disability rights movement advocates equal access to social, political, and economic life which includes not only physical access but access to the same tools, services, organizations and facilities which we all pay for. STABILITY: Stability of the propose building must be consider. The builfing must withstand any circumstances that might affect and might destroy it, like an earthquake. References Burea of Agricultural Statistics Department of Agriculture Nescafe Philippines Inc Nestle Philippines Inc P. D. 856 – Code on Sanitation of the Philippines and Its Implementing Rules and Regulations P. D. 1096 – National Building Code of the Philippines and Its Implementing P. D. 1185 – Fire Code of the Philippines and Its Implementing Rules and Regulations R. A. 184 – Philippine Electrical Code R. A. 1378 – National Plumbing Code of the Philippines and Its Implementing http://www. tupeloplantation. com/documents/tupelo-plantation-pud. pdf www. internationalorganizationofcoffee. inc http://www. charityfarm. co. uk/charityfarm. htm http://www. vetiver. org/ETH_WORKSHOP_09/ETH_A6a. pdf http://www. losaricoffeeplantation. com/ http://xandercap. com/Documents/New%20Exec%20Summary%20-%20V2. pdf www. internationalorganizationofcoffee. inc Time-Saver Standards for Building Types. McGraw-Hill Book Company. 1980 THE SITE.

The Importance of Effective Writing for an 8th Grade Language Arts Portfolio :: essays research papers

One of the most important questions in writing is what is effective writing? Well, the definition of effective writing is how well the writing impacted someone, i.e. the reader. You can write whatever you want to, but if it isn’t effective then it is almost pointless. In order to change someone’s opinion or in order to prove them wrong you need to make a large impact with what you are writing. There are six steps in order to make a piece of writing effective. These steps include convincing the reader, making the information comprehensible, making it easy to read, making the whole paper interesting, exhibit a clear and confident voice, and try to impact the reader emotionally. First off, included in the convincing the reader step is using the active voice instead of using the passive voice. For example use baseball player play baseball instead of baseball is played by baseball players. For the second criteria, comprehensible, eliminate words that are not essential to th e meaning or mood. For example do not use very, really, terribly, and awfully. For the third criteria, easy to read, combine short sentences to consolidate ideas, but don’t ramble, be effective. For example use the effective sentence when I dropped a boiled egg, it landed on my dog without breaking. Rather than the ineffective sentence I dropped an egg and it landed on my dog. The egg was boiled and it did not crack open. For the fourth criteria, making the whole paper interesting, vary the structure of you sentences. For example try using something interesting like I like to play baseball. I own seven baseballs and 2 baseball bats. Instead of using something boring like I own seven baseballs. I also own 2 baseball bats. I like to play baseball. For the fifth criteria, exhibit a clear and confident voice, reword redundant and words phrases. Ex. Use It is hot. Instead of it is a hot one. Finally, for the sixth criteria, try to impact the reader emotionally, consider having a t arget audience. By having a target audience you can impact the reader whom it is most important to you very easily. For example if you are trying to excite an environmentalist about a paper product then emphasize that it is recyclable, instead of its annual consumption. In order of importance these traits are ranked 1.) Comprehendible- if the reader can not understand what you are saying, then they have no reason to read it.

Lisa Benton †Analysis Essay

It is often said that a ‘First impression is the Final Impression’ (AJS, 2013). Unfortunately, this did not turn out well for Lisa Benton, a Harvard Business School grad, who had to face this ordeal from her manager and her co-worker at her new job. How did she get into this mess? Could she have done something differently? To begin with, I feel the biggest mistake Lisa made was turn down the offer from Right-Away. According to me, ‘A known enemy is always better than an unknown friend’. Lisa was liked at Right-Away and was well acquainted with everyone there, furthermore she had a good relationship with Kingston, and this would have helped her rise higher sooner. Next, before beginning work at Houseworld, Lisa should have enquired with HR as to who her reporting Manager would be. This is essential and she could have spoken to employees who worked under Linton and got their feedback on Linton and based on this feedback could have requested HR for another project/manager. On her second day, Lisa had questions for Linton but when she noticed Linton and Scoville in an intimate meeting she left and eventually asked the questions to Scoville. Over a period of time, Lisa sought answers only from Scoville and not from Linton, thus adding a kind of a barrier between her and Linton. A very vital point was that Lisa was not assertive enough. This is well indicated by the delayed lunch meetings between her and Linton, when they were to discuss her objectives. In addition, there were several assumptions made between Lisa and Linton when it came to the meetings. Lisa assumed, she should be in a ‘learner’ mode, but the feedback given to her was that she was too quiet during the meetings. Lisa should have identified her responsibilities for the meetings beforehand. There were a few occasions on which Scoville’s behavior could be questioned for instance when he would yell at Lisa. Also, his condescending nature would make Lisa uncomfortable. However, instead of tolerating this, Lisa should have reported this to HR, who could have dealt with Scoville in an appropriate manner. Lisa would always make references to Right-Away and the work she did there, such as â€Å"At Right-Away I would†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , this could have been avoided completely, Lisa is no longer at Right-Away and these references are not needed. As already mentioned, Lisa relied too much on Scoville, thus giving him more power. (Ancona, 3rd Ed) In certain cases, this could have worked as by giving more power to people like Scoville is one way to control them, but for her this approach failed. Finally, when  Vernon asked Lisa, if she was happy with her job, Lisa should have been honest and told him her problems, after all everyone is working for the organization and its’ success. Lisa could maintain good relationships, this was clear from the relationships she had with her other colleagues; however the Lisa-Linton-Scoville relationship had many areas for improvement. What she should do now? The first option Lisa has is to call up Kingston at Right-Away, admit that she made a mistake and request them to rehire her. Kingston spoke highly of Lisa and Lisa had a good relationship with her co-workers at Right-Away, furthermore she would be promoted to VP in a few years and the pay at Right-Away is much better than Houseworld. The next option is to speak to Vernon and HR regarding a change in her project and division at Houseworld. This would alienate her from everyone and will cause a negative effect on her chances of a promotion at Houseworld, as Lisa would be known as someone who cannot resolve conflicts. The final option and the one I would recommend would be to continue working in the same team and resolve all differences with Linton and Scoville out of the office and have a fresh new start. Unfortunately Linton is not the best of trainers and when Lisa does change her role after 12 months as this was the case with Houseworld, she will have to put in more effort to make up for the lost training. This was the case colleague who used to report to Linton earlier. However, this would be a great learning curve for Lisa in her career on ‘How not to be a Bad Manager’. Conflict resolution plays a vital role in managing projects and if Lisa demonstrates this, it will do laurels for her career later on. References: American Journal of Sociology – The University of Chicago Press – 2013 Managing for the Future – Anocona, Kochan,Scully – 3rd Edition

Migrantes en Texas derechos, problemas y ayuda

La frontera con Mà ©xico y la numerosa presencia de migrantes convierte a Texas en un estado con caracterà ­sticas especiales en cuanto a derechos y problemas de los emigrantes que residen o cruzan su territorio. Con 26 millones de habitantes, Texas es el segundo estado con mayor poblacià ³n de EE.UU. Se calcula que 1,8 millones de sus habitantes son migrantes indocumentados. En este artà ­culo se informa sobre los derechos especà ­ficos de los migrantes en ese estado, cuà ¡les son los problemas con especial atencià ³n a la ley SB4, telà ©fonos en los que recabar informacià ³n migratoria, como los de ICE y, finalmente, dà ³nde encontrar ayuda legal, humanitaria y para encontrar detenidos. Licencia de manejar En Texas, los migrantes indocumentados no pueden sacar la licencia de manejar, a diferencia de lo que ocurre en estados como Nuevo Mà ©xico, California, Illinois o Maryland. Verificacià ³n de papeles para trabajar En Texas es obligatorio el uso del programa e-verify para todas las agencias del estado y las empresas ejecutando un contrato estatal. Con e-verify se compara las informaciones que dieron los empleados al llenar la planilla I-9 al ser contratados contra la informacià ³n que tiene la Administracià ³n del Seguro Social y el Departamento de Seguridad Interna. De esta manera es posible detectar si el trabajador no tiene autorizacià ³n migratoria para trabajar Salario mà ­nimo en Texas El salario mà ­nimo en Texas es de $7.25/hora. En el caso de trabajadores que cobrar propinas el salario mà ­nimo es $2.13/hora por turno. Este sueldo bà ¡sico aplica tambià ©n a los trabajadores indocumentados. Para denunciar que el patrà ³n no paga el salario mà ­nimo se puede marcar al 1-866-487-9243. Pago matrà ­culas universitarias Los estudiantes indocumentados tienen derecho a pagar in-state tuition al igual que los ciudadanos estadounidenses o migrantes legales. Es necesario cumplir requisitos como haber estudiado al menos 3 aà ±os de high school en Texas, haber obtenido el tà ­tulo o el GED en ese estado y firmar una declaracià ³n jurada de que se sacarà ¡ la tarjeta de residencia permanente tan pronto como sea posible. Medicaid y acceso asistencia mà ©dica Desde octubre de 2016 los nià ±os migrantes legales pueden tener acceso a Medicaid y a CHIP. Los migrantes indocumentados solo pueden recibir asistencia sanitaria de emergencia o acudir a centros mà ©dicos que no preguntan por la situacià ³n migratoria. Ley SB4 de Texas y fin de ciudades santuario La ley SB4 de Texas tiene por objetivo, por un lado, impedir la existencia de ciudades santuario en ese estado y, por otro, facilitar la identificacià ³n de la situacià ³n migratoria de cualquier persona. En primer lugar, esta ley habilita a los miembros de la policà ­a local o estatal a preguntar sobre el estatus migratorio de cualquier persona con la que entren en contacto. Por ejemplo, durante una parada rutinaria de trà ¡fico. Pero no es obligatorio que lo pregunten excepto si es relevante para su investigacià ³n. Esto es lo que se conoce popularmente como la regla  ensà ©Ãƒ ±ame los papeles, o Show me your papers  en inglà ©s, y que ya ha sido aplicada en otras leyes estatales, como la ley SB1070 de Arizona. En la prà ¡ctica en la actualidad en las ciudades de Houston, Austin, San Antonio y Dallas apenas se està ¡ preguntando por la situacià ³n migratoria de arrestados o detenidos. En segundo lugar, la ley SB4 obliga a todos los miembros de los departamentos de policà ­a locales en el estado de Texas a cumplir con las peticiones de las autoridades federales  de retener a cualquier persona sospechosa de estar  sin papeles en los Estados Unidos y para las que ICE ha emitido detainers o holds en inglà ©s. Violencia domà ©stica y migrantes indocumentados Desde que comenzà ³ a aplicarse la ley SB4 se ha reportado un descenso del 16 por ciento en el nà ºmero de denuncias presentadas por hispanos por violencia domà ©stica. La razà ³n principal es el miedo a tener contacto de cualquier tipo con las autoridades y, a consecuencia de ello, tener problemas migratorios. Organizaciones como Houston Area Womens Center brindan ayuda y asesorà ­a sobre los alivios migratorios del programa VAWA y de la visa U para và ­ctimas de violencia que ayudan a resolver un crimen o a condenar al culpable. Oficinas de Registros civiles Atrà ¡s quedaron los problemas en algunos condados de Texas para migrantes indocumentados padres de nià ±os ciudadanos americanos a los que se les impedà ­a obtener el certificado de nacimiento. En la actualidad, para sacar el certificado de nacimiento de un nià ±o nacido en Texas es necesario presentar 2 formas de I.D. pero se permiten identificaciones con foto de otros paà ­ses como el registro de votante de Mà ©xico, que se puede obtener por correo desde EE.UU. o la matrà ­cula consular. Esos I.D. pueden complementarse con facturas de electricidad o cable, cheques de salarios, etc. Si hubiera problemas, se recomienda contactar con Texas Rio Grande Legal Aid. Ademà ¡s, todas las personas pueden casarse. Aunque Texas admite los matrimonios conocidos como Common Law, si se quiere que tenga efectos migratorios es recomendable casarse mediante la obtencià ³n de una licencia de matrimonio. Tambià ©n cualquier persona puede divorciarse en Texas, sin que importe su estatus migratorio. Incluso es posible cuando el matrimonio se celebrà ³ en otro paà ­s. Ciudadanos naturalizados y supresià ³n del voto Casi 100.000 texanos ciudadanos estadounidenses por naturalizacià ³n han sido borrados de los censos de votantes. La razà ³n es que presentaron como I.D. para registrarse la licencia de manejar de Texas que habà ­an sacado antes de naturalizarse y tenà ­an una visa de trabajo, una tarjeta de residencia permanente, etc. Para evitar encontrase el dà ­a de las elecciones con la noticia de que no se puede votar es recomendable registrarse lo mà ¡s pronto posible para asà ­ tener tiempo para solucionar los problemas que puedan surgir. Frontera de Texas-Mà ©xico, detenidos y cà ³mo encontrarlos Una larga frontera terrestre separa Texas de Mà ©xico. El muro propuesto por el presidente Donald Trump causarà ­a importantes efectos medioambientales. El cruce de la frontera no solo se realiza por los pasos migratorios autorizados sino tambià ©n por otros puntos no autorizados. Como consecuencia, Texas es un estado con un alto nà ºmero de prisiones de inmigrantes, tanto agarrados cruzando la frontera como ya en el interior del paà ­s. Una vez localizado un detenido, si està ¡ en Texas es posible comunicarse con el centro de detencià ³n, hablar con el detenido e, incluso, enviarle dinero. Si està ¡ detenido por una felonà ­a y no por asunto migratoria, es posible buscarlo por su nombre en una base de datos de prisiones estatales y locales de Texas. Por à ºltimo destacar que en Texas se encuentran retenes de control migratorio dentro del estado, en cualquier punto que està © a menos de 100 millas de la frontera. Telà ©fonos de ICE (EOIR) en Texas El EOIR, que depende de ICE, es la oficina encargada de los detenidos por las autoridades migratorias. Abogados y familiares de detenidos pueden contactar para localizar a detenidos que no aparecen en la base de datos de localizacià ³n. Telà ©fono ICE (EOIR) en Dallas: 1-214-424-7800 (Norte de Texas)Telà ©fono ICE (EOIR) en El Paso: 1-915-225-19011941 (Oeste de Texas)Telà ©fono ICE (EOIR) en Houston: 1-281-744-4816 (Sureste de Texas)Telà ©fono ICE (EOIR) en San Antonio: 1-210-283-4750 (Centro y Sur de Texas) Es recomendable no comentar solo nacionalidad del detenido, estatus migratorio o cualquiera otra informacià ³n que pueda perjudicarle. Caridades Catà ³licas en Texas y otras organizaciones asistencia a migrantes En asuntos de asesorà ­a migratoria lo mejor es contratar a un abogado de AILA o consultar con una organizacià ³n de ayuda a inmigrantes con buen rà ©cord legal. Ademà ¡s, diversas organizaciones en Texas brindan a los migrantes ayuda de hospedaje, alimentos y transporte. Otras, como Caridades Catà ³licas, brindan ambos tipos de ayuda. Este es un listado de algunas de ellas: Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund, asistencia legal.Texas Rio Grande Legal Fund, asistencia legal.Casa Anunciacià ³n, Casa Vides y Casa Teresa en Houston, para transporte, alimentos, etc.Caridades Catà ³licas Galveston-Houston: marcar al 1-713-526-4611Caridades Catà ³licas Dallas: 1-866-223-7500Caridades Catà ³licas Fort Worth: 1-817-534-0814Probar, asesorà ­a legal para asilo, VAWA, ajuste estatus, etc: 1-956-425-9231Kids in Need of Defense, asistencia legal a nià ±os y sus familias Por à ºltimo, los migrantes de origen mexicano pueden marcar gratuitamente al telà ©fono de CIAM para asistencia y, en el caso de los hondureà ±os se recomienda marcar al 1-346-319-1291, que e el telà ©fono del Centro Consular de Proteccià ³n al Migrante Hondureà ±o. Puntos Clave: Texas y los migrantes En el estado de Texas residen 26 millones de personas, de los cuales 1.8 son migrantes indocumentados. Texas es tambià ©n uno de los puntos de ingreso a EE.UU. mà ¡s transitados, tanto legalmente a travà ©s de los controles migratorios como ilegalmente.En Texas los migrantes indocumentados no pueden sacar la licencia de manejar y pueden ser preguntados por su estatus legal cuando son parados o arrestados por una autoridad. Por aplicacià ³n de la ley SB4, no hay ciudades santuario en Texas y los oficiales està ¡n obligados a cumplir con los hold o detainers de Inmigracià ³n.Por otra parte, en Texas los estudiantes indocumentados pueden estudiar en las universidades estatales pagando como si fueran ciudadanos o residentes permanentes. Los nià ±os migrantes legales pueden solicitar Medicaid o Chip.Texas es el estado con mà ¡s detenidos por inmigracià ³n. Segà ºn datos oficiales, en el à ºltimo aà ±o fiscal habà ­a de media detenidas 15.852 personas por dà ­a en ese estado. Este artà ­culo no es informacià ³n legal. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.